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So it's time for us to actually
look at a Python script

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and see what is it that
this Python script does.

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Here's the spoiler alert.

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I'll tell you right now
what this script does

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is it connects to a FirePOWER
Management Center REST API,

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and it retrieves a
list of applications

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that FirePOWER Management
Center is monitoring.

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It is a pretty basic script.

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There are only a
couple interactions

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that take place in this script.

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But still, if you are brand
new to Python and API,

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this could be a
little overwhelming.
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this could be a
little overwhelming.

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So what we're going
to do is, we're

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going to pull out the sample
code that I've created,

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and we're going to go
through it one line at a time

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so that we really
understand what's going on.

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In the first Nugget
that we're going to do,

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right now, we're
going to just set up

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the basics of how the
Python script works

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by importing what's
called libraries

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as well as setting up variables.

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This is a couple of major topics
that make Python really cool,

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so let's get going.

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So this is the code that we're
going to be working with.

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If we scroll down here
for just a second,
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If we scroll down here
for just a second,

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you can see there's a lot
of stuff that's going on

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right now, and that's OK.

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It looks a little
complicated and overwhelming,

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but don't worry.

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The entire point
of this skill is

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so that we can read it
and understand what it is

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that it's really trying to do.

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Now, as we go through
this, I'm going

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to show you where you can
actually access this code

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and what is it trying to
do in the first place.

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What is it trying to target.

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Let's set that up right now.

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You may be looking on
your screen right here,

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and you see this URL.

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This is the FirePOWER Management
Center REST API sandbox.
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This is the FirePOWER Management
Center REST API sandbox.

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This exists in the
DevNet sandbox.

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You can get there by going
to devnetsandbox.cisco.com,

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and you can reserve a private
instance of the FirePOWER

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Management Center.

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All you would then have to
do is change the user name

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and password later when
we get to that point.

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Now, don't worry if
any of this stuff

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seems like
gobbledygook right now.

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We're actually
going to tackle this

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in the upcoming few minutes
as we jump into what

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this code is actually doing.
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this code is actually doing.

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But I just wanted to let you
know that you can actually

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follow along if you
have Python installed

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02:05.850 --> 02:09.580 align:middle line:90%
and you have all of the
correct libraries installed.

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If you don't have
Python installed

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and you don't have the
libraries installed,

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02:13.230 --> 02:17.230 align:middle line:90%
we do have content like at CBT
Nuggets on DevNet Associate,

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where we walk through how
to set these items up.

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Beyond that, you can follow
along with this exact code

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by pulling this down from
my GitHub repository.

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This is publicly
accessible code,

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and the link is popping
up on the screen

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so that you can just
browse through this website
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so that you can just
browse through this website

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and at least look at it,
follow along, copy and paste it

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into your own VS
Code environment

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or whatever iEditor
you want to use,

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and you can follow
along that way.

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Let's start interpreting
this script.

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Like we already
said, the purpose

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of this script, which is
called fmc get apps.py

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is to give a list
of applications

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that FirePOWER Management
Center is monitoring.

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Now, what we're going
to focus on real quick

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is lines 1 through lines 11.

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That's this section right here.
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That's this section right here.

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Don't worry about any
of this stuff that's

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coming up after the fact.

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We're going to tackle the
script a little bit at a time.

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And the first thing
you're immediately

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seeing at the top of the list
are these Import statements.

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What's that all about?

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You see, Python
out of the box, it

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can do a lot of amazing stuff.

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You just install Python, and
it can do a lot of stuff,

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but it can't do everything.

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What we have to do is,
we have to add what's

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called libraries into Python.

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These are basically
like plug-ins

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that extend the
capability of Python.
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that extend the
capability of Python.

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That's why they call Python
an extensible languages.

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It's because we can add
functionality to it.

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So when we see
import json, this is

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taking our default
installation of Python

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and adding the ability
to work with JSON data

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in this particular script.

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When we see import sys, this
is taking our default Python

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functionality and
adding the ability
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functionality and
adding the ability

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to work with the actual
system, the actual operating

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system itself.

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And when we import requests
here, what request does

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is this takes the default
Python functionality and adds

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the ability to
perform HTTP requests.

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Recall for a moment that a
REST API, the entire point

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of the REST API is so that
we can work and leverage

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all of the functionality of the
HTTP protocol to gather data.

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Remember, way back when we were
talking about how you browse
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Remember, way back when we were
talking about how you browse

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to a website, and what
a web browser is doing

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is downloading HTML
documents and CSS documents

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and JavaScript documents
and turning them

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into a pretty website.

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Whereas, an
application will also

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use HTTP, but instead
of downloading

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HTML documents, what it
does is it downloads things

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like JSON documents.

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Here, you've now seen how
Python adds the ability

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to work with HTTP and adds the
ability to work with JSON data.
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to work with HTTP and adds the
ability to work with JSON data.

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These import statements
really only exist

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for this specific script.

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If I create a new script that
also needs to work with HTTP

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and also needs to
work with JSON,

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I've got to specify these
import statements again.

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So the first thing
you should know

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when interpreting a
basic Python script

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is you should look at these
import statements and think,

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what functionality
am I adding to Python

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for this particular script?

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JSON is going to be a big one.

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Request is going
to be a big one.
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Request is going
to be a big one.

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Some other ones that are
worth pointing out just

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for the sake of it is ncclient.

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This is so that you can
write a script that works

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with the NETCONF protocol.

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There is also lxml.

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This is so that you
can work with xml data.

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If you are an overachiever
and you really

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want to explore some fun
stuff that Python can do,

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you can use a library
like openpyxl.

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This is for working
with Excel files

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so that you can actually
import data from an Excel file.
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so that you can actually
import data from an Excel file.

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This is a really popular
thing for network engineers

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because they may have
an Excel file that

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contains all of their network
devices, IP addresses,

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usernames, and passwords.

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So they can import
the Excel file

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and then log into each
one of those devices

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and perform some sort of action.

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It's a really, really
cool thing to do.

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Lastly, you may want to check
out a library like selenium.

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Selenium is used to emulate
a web browser like Firefox.

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So you can have Python launch
a web browser, go to some page,
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So you can have Python launch
a web browser, go to some page,

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parse out the information
using something like selenium,

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and they would all show up
here on the import statements.

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The key thing that we're
trying to set up with

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is if you just install Python
and you don't import something

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like openpyxl, you can't
work with Excel files.

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But as soon as you put the
import statements there

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and you've installed
openpyxl, there you go.

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You can now work with
Excel files within Python,

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and that's extending
Python's functionality.

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So in this particular
script, we now
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So in this particular
script, we now

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see that we're importing the
ability to work with JSON data.

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We're importing the ability
to work with HTTP endpoints,

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and we're importing
the ability to perform

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operating system-style tasks
using those sys libraries.

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Now, what we need to talk
about is the actual variables

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themselves.

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This is a crucial part
to working with Python.

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Let's talk about that.

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So the remaining lines that we
have here, or we can see I've

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got a little comment with
this little pound symbol here
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got a little comment with
this little pound symbol here

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that says, set up variables.

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Whenever you see a pound
symbol followed by any text,

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that's just a comment
in the line of code

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that Python absolutely ignores.

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That way, anybody who's
following along or reading

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your scripts after
the fact can see

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what's happening in the code
underneath because you've

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written a little comment here.

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So let's focus here
on line 6 and line 7.

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I have this thing called
URL, and then I see a URL.

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What I can do in Python is
called creating variables.
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What I can do in Python is
called creating variables.

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Rather than typing this
whole URL out multiple times

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throughout the code,
I can just store it

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in a little object called URL.

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So this we can see
is the base URL.

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It's
fmcrestapisandbox.cisco.com,

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and then the endpoint
is the login your URL.

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This is what gets tacked
on to the end of it.

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The key thing here is that I
can have a base URL called URL,

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and then I can
change the endpoint
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and then I can
change the endpoint

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by specifying a different
endpoint after the fact.

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If we skip ahead, you can see
exactly where I've done this.

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You can see I've got
your URL, and then we

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concatenate login URL
right to the end of it.

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The beautiful
thing about this is

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I don't have to type
all of this long text

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over and over and over
again throughout my code.

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I can just specify it by
using URL or login your URL.

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And in the next
Nugget, we're going

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to talk about getting
logged in to the API.

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That's actually what
we're setting up here,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:900000

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That's actually what
we're setting up here,

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09:01.000 --> 09:02.560 align:middle line:90%
and that's what
we're doing first.

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09:02.560 --> 09:06.640 align:middle line:90%
We're trying to set up how
we get logged in to the API.

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You see, an API is no different
from any other secure website

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09:10.270 --> 09:13.120 align:middle line:90%
where you have to log in
before you can do stuff.

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09:13.120 --> 09:16.060 align:middle line:90%
Wouldn't it be terrible if our
FirePOWER Management Center

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09:16.060 --> 09:19.520 align:middle line:90%
device was open to the public
and anybody could get data out

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09:19.520 --> 09:20.020 align:middle line:84%
of it?

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09:20.020 --> 09:21.250 align:middle line:84%
That would be bad.

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09:21.250 --> 09:25.180 align:middle line:90%
That's why we have to secure
our API by getting logged in.

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So to help me build this
request so that I get logged in,

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09:28.660 --> 09:30.970 align:middle line:90%
I've created two
little variables here,
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:900000

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09:28.660 --> 09:30.970 align:middle line:90%
I've created two
little variables here,

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09:30.970 --> 09:34.150 align:middle line:90%
one that specifies the base
URL that I can reuse over

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09:34.150 --> 09:38.710 align:middle line:90%
and over again and then the
specific login URL that says,

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09:38.710 --> 09:42.400 align:middle line:90%
we're going to be logging
in and generating a token.

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09:42.400 --> 09:43.900 align:middle line:90%
Now, I'm not going
to jump ahead too

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09:43.900 --> 09:46.750 align:middle line:90%
much because the next Nugget
is all about getting logged in

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09:46.750 --> 09:48.400 align:middle line:84%
and handling that login request.

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But just know that for
now, what we're doing is

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we're setting up variables
that hold the URL as well

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09:53.440 --> 09:54.970 align:middle line:84%
as a couple other things.

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09:54.970 --> 09:57.340 align:middle line:90%
Headers are another
very important part

224
09:57.340 --> 09:59.480 align:middle line:84%
to the HTTP protocol.

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09:59.480 --> 10:01.760 align:middle line:90%
The headers tell our
endpoint that we're
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:900000

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09:59.480 --> 10:01.760 align:middle line:90%
The headers tell our
endpoint that we're

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10:01.760 --> 10:04.760 align:middle line:90%
trying to connect
to what kind of data

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10:04.760 --> 10:08.150 align:middle line:90%
are we trying to send in,
what kind of data are we

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10:08.150 --> 10:09.650 align:middle line:84%
trying to retrieve.

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10:09.650 --> 10:12.020 align:middle line:90%
When you see content
type, this is

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10:12.020 --> 10:17.330 align:middle line:90%
saying we are sending
in content of JSON data.

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10:17.330 --> 10:18.830 align:middle line:90%
And again, we're
going to talk more

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10:18.830 --> 10:20.840 align:middle line:90%
about that in the next
Nugget when we're talking

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10:20.840 --> 10:21.950 align:middle line:84%
about getting logged in.

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10:21.950 --> 10:23.840 align:middle line:90%
This is, again, just
setting up that we're

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10:23.840 --> 10:27.950 align:middle line:90%
specifying our headers in
a variable that specifies

236
10:27.950 --> 10:29.850 align:middle line:84%
all of this information.

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10:29.850 --> 10:32.880 align:middle line:90%
Lastly, we have a
username and a password.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:900000

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10:29.850 --> 10:32.880 align:middle line:90%
Lastly, we have a
username and a password.

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10:32.880 --> 10:35.640 align:middle line:90%
Now, these are hard coded
into the code itself,

239
10:35.640 --> 10:37.853 align:middle line:90%
and that's a big no-no
in security world.

240
10:37.853 --> 10:39.770 align:middle line:90%
We've already talked
about that when we talked

241
10:39.770 --> 10:41.550 align:middle line:84%
about how to secure our code.

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10:41.550 --> 10:43.800 align:middle line:90%
This is just for
demonstration purposes,

243
10:43.800 --> 10:46.190 align:middle line:90%
and this is, again,
using something

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10:46.190 --> 10:47.420 align:middle line:84%
in the DevNet sandbox.

245
10:47.420 --> 10:50.210 align:middle line:90%
If you are following along and
you're reserving the FirePOWER

246
10:50.210 --> 10:52.160 align:middle line:90%
Management Center
in DevNet sandbox,

247
10:52.160 --> 10:54.770 align:middle line:90%
you'll receive an email
that has your user name

248
10:54.770 --> 10:56.820 align:middle line:90%
and a randomly
generated password.

249
10:56.820 --> 11:00.530 align:middle line:90%
This password changes every time
you reserve the DevNet sandbox.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:900000

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10:56.820 --> 11:00.530 align:middle line:90%
This password changes every time
you reserve the DevNet sandbox.

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11:00.530 --> 11:02.330 align:middle line:90%
So to recap what's
happening here,

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11:02.330 --> 11:04.843 align:middle line:90%
we're focusing on just these
first few lines of code,

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11:04.843 --> 11:06.260 align:middle line:90%
and what we see
here is that we've

253
11:06.260 --> 11:09.770 align:middle line:90%
got our import statements, which
are adding the functionality

254
11:09.770 --> 11:14.360 align:middle line:90%
to work with HTTP, to work with
JSON in this particular script.

255
11:14.360 --> 11:17.360 align:middle line:90%
Then we're setting up
variables throughout the code.

256
11:17.360 --> 11:20.390 align:middle line:90%
That way we don't have to
retype all of these things

257
11:20.390 --> 11:21.740 align:middle line:84%
over and over again.

258
11:21.740 --> 11:24.020 align:middle line:84%
I can just type the word URL.

259
11:24.020 --> 11:26.060 align:middle line:90%
I can just type
the word headers,

260
11:26.060 --> 11:28.670 align:middle line:90%
and it refers back
to all of this stuff

261
11:28.670 --> 11:30.950 align:middle line:90%
that we're storing
in the variable.
WEBVTT
X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:900000

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11:28.670 --> 11:30.950 align:middle line:90%
that we're storing
in the variable.

262
11:30.950 --> 11:33.200 align:middle line:90%
So that's been setting up
the first batch of our code.

263
11:33.200 --> 11:34.825 align:middle line:90%
In the next Nugget,
we're going to dive

264
11:34.825 --> 11:37.580 align:middle line:90%
deep into how we get
logged in to this API.

265
11:37.580 --> 11:39.500 align:middle line:90%
I hope this has been
informative for you,

266
11:39.500 --> 11:42.220 align:middle line:90%
and I'd like to thank
you for viewing.