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So let's do a quick recap of our topology.

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We currently have three gateways set up

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as part of our NSX,

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two tier ones and one tier zero.

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And those three logical gateways exist

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as distributed routers on each of our transport nodes.

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So any one of these devices

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could make logical routing decisions for traffic going,

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for example, from VM-1 here or to VM-4 here.

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And also, let me let you in on a little secret.

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Up to this point, I've been specifically focusing

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on the distributed router function

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for these virtual routers, for these gateways.
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for these virtual routers, for these gateways.

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So with routing, whatever device sees the traffic first.

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For example, if it's traffic coming in from VM-1,

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it's gonna be ESXI host A,

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acting as a host transport node

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with a full compliment of the distributed routers

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who's gonna make all the routing decisions

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and then finally forward it off if it needs to,

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to another host or another transport node

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over the Geneve tunnel.

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And everything we've been demonstrating up to this point

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has been been using our Geneve tunnel

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between the host transport node A

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and the host transport node B,

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because those two ESXI hosts,
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because those two ESXI hosts,

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they have all the routing information.

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They're also the only two hosts that are hosting any VMs.

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So up to this point, there hasn't been any reason

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for traffic to be tunneled up to our edge nodes,

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because the distributed router function

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on these two hosts where all the VMs exist,

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it can be done all logically

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here on the respective ESXI host.

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And for a routing decision, the transport node

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closest to the source of that traffic

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is gonna actually make the routing decision,

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and then forward it over the tunnel when needed

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to another transport node.

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And that's all due to the wonderful
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And that's all due to the wonderful

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distributed router function

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that's capable and available inside of NSX.

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So currently for our distributed router function,

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we have T-0, that's gateway zero,

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and we have a distributed router

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replicated everywhere that needs to be

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for gateway A, which is a tier one router.

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We also have a distributed router

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for gateway B over here on the right.

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So let's imagine we now want to add

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on top of this distributed routed environment

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some additional network services.

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For example, maybe we wanna implement

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network address translation right here

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on our T-0 gateway.

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So I'll list NAT, network address translation,
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So I'll list NAT, network address translation,

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as a IP network service we may wanna add,

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or we may wanna set up a VPN,

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or we may need connectivity to the physical network.

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So for example, right here,

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maybe this is our physical network is a physical router.

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And what we wanna do is provide connectivity

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between our NSX logical layer three-routed environment here

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and the physical network.

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Whenever we do any of those functions,

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network address translation, VPN,

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or we provide connectivity

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between the NSX routed environment and the physical network,

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whenever we implement any of those features,
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whenever we implement any of those features,

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that's going to also by default in the background,

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implement something called an SR,

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which is a services router.

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And it's only implemented where it's needed.

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So if we set up, for example,

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basic connectivity from this tier zero gateway

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out to the physical network.

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So for example, maybe this is network 10 dot 10,

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and this is 10 dot 20,

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and then here's our interlink segments,

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their auto IP addressed.

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And then out here on the physical network,

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maybe this is 192.168.1.0

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with a 24 bit mask,
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with a 24 bit mask,

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maybe our default gateways is at dot one.

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And what we wanna do is have reachability

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and routability between 10.10, 10.20,

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and VMs there, as well as the physical network.

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And with the correct NAT and routing setup

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to points beyond, including the internet.

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So when we implement that functionality, that connectivity,

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between the logical network here

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and the physical network here,

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we're gonna immediately see here

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on tier zero on this gateway,

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an additional logical router called a services router

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that's providing that functionality.

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Think of the services router as a special purpose function
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Think of the services router as a special purpose function

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for things like connectivity to a physical network

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or for IP services like NAT or VPN.

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And we don't have to go in

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and specifically tell this gateway,

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hey, please inject or install this services router.

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All we do is specify the service that we want to implement,

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and in the background,

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it implements a services router for us.

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And here's the cool thing,

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as we implement our connectivity here,

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as we add that, I'm gonna show you before and after,

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how this services router component

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for whatever feature we're gonna implement,

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is automatically added.
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is automatically added.

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So let me clean this up a little bit

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and let me just label this real quick again,

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as the physical network and also this as a physical router.

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And let me also share something really important

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about services routers, or SRs for short.

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Most of those functions are gonna be implemented

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by our edge nodes.

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And here's effectively what that means.

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In the past with just distributed routing functionality

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between these networks here

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and these VMs here with the east-west routing,

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these two ESXI hosts can make

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all the routing decisions they need,
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all the routing decisions they need,

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and then forward when needed

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to the other host over the tunnel.

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So when we're implementing services

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that require a services router function to be implemented,

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most of the time, virtually all the time,

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those are gonna be implemented on our edge nodes.

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So for example, here on our host transport nodes,

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they can have a full complement of the distributed router.

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So they've got three distributed routers,

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one for tier zero gateway,

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tier one gateway A, and tier one gateway B, no problem.

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However, when it comes to the services router

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for the function of connectivity to the external network,
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for the function of connectivity to the external network,

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that services router is only gonna be available

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and supported on our edge nodes.

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So I'm gonna put this services router function here in red.

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So I'm gonna go ahead and call it SR.

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And just to be clear over here,

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this is a distributed router function,

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distributed router function, distributed router function.

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And then over here for the access to the physical network,

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it's another logical function called the SR,

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which we would then have included

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or automatically would be included here

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as part of our tier zero gateway.

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So our edge nodes would also have a copy of that.

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I'll put that here in red as our services router.
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I'll put that here in red as our services router.

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I'll put a little arrow there.

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However, our host transport nodes,

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they would not have or need a instance

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of that services router

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because they are not actually providing the connectivity

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to that outside physical network.

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That's only gonna be done

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by one of our edge transport nodes.

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So one of the questions would be, okay,

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so how do we tie all this together?

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For example, what if VM-1 here

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is trying to go out to the internet?

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So the host transport node that VM is running on

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is gonna do a lot of the routing decisions.

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But how do we then forward it or know when to forward it
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But how do we then forward it or know when to forward it

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over to the services router function

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over on one of our edge devices?

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So we can actually do the forwarding of that traffic app

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to the physical network and points beyond.

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And the answer is, we are gonna use plain old routing.

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And let me explain how this works in this overview.

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Let's imagine that this router right here, gateway A,

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that its interface address right here is A,

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and then the interface address here is B.

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And then the interface IP address here

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on the distributed router for the T-0 router is C.

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And then we're also gonna draw this logical
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And then we're also gonna draw this logical

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back plane connection

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between the distributed router function

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on tier zero, gateway zero, and what will be installed,

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the services router function here also on T-0.

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So let's say that logical connection there

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is this interface has the IP address of D,

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and now the services router that has the IP address of E.

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We're also gonna have virtual network identifiers

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for each of these segments as well.

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So down here, let's go ahead for A,

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let's go ahead and use a VNI of one.

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So I'll put the VNIs here in pink,

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even though it's gonna be a longer number.
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even though it's gonna be a longer number.

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It's just for reference, I'm gonna call this VNI one

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and VNI two and VNI three.

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And the services router function here on T--, gateway zero.

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That's providing the connectivity

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over to the physical network.

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So if we follow the logical process here

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with our VNI numbers here in pink

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and the IP next top addresses here in yellow,

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when VM one here wants to go out to the internet,

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the compute host here where VM one is running

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has the distributed router.

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So it knows all about gateway A.

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So it'll say, okay, the traffic from a routing perspective,

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it's gonna come in here on this interface.
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it's gonna come in here on this interface.

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And the next top address is gonna be my tier zero DR.

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And that gateway address is C.

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And then from the logical perspective of routing,

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the next top after that from the tier zero DR

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is gonna be the tier zero SR.

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And that's the logical process or function

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that allows connectivity to that physical network.

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So effectively from the perspective of ESXI-A,

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the next top that we need to reach is E,

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which is on segment three, at which point ESXI-A says,
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which is on segment three, at which point ESXI-A says,

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okay, I need to get to this IP address on segment three

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because ESXI-A has that logical router,

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tier zero, gateway zero.

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It knows exactly what that segment is,

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segment three in this case.

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And then ESXI-A is gonna say, okay,

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for this segment three where the next top is

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and the IP address of E, what is the layer two address?

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And this layer two address

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provided by the SR function

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is gonna be on one of our edge nodes, edge one or edge two.

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If we're doing active standby and edge one is active

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and edge two is standby,

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it'd be edge one supporting that address.
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it'd be edge one supporting that address.

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So then this host transport node would say,

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oh, okay, to get to that next hop of E,

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I need to forward it over to the,

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let's say it's edge one that has that services router,

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and supporting that IP address

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and the corresponding layer two address.

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At that point, ESXI-A would send the traffic

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tunneled over to edge one.

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Again, that'd be the Geneve tunnel

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because ESXI-A had already made the routing decisions

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inside the Geneve header, it would indicate,

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oh, this is for segment three.

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And then edge one would de-encapsulate that.

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It would see that the traffic is destined

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for this layer two address
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for this layer two address

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of this interface here,

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which that SR is running on edge one.

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So edge one would continue to process the traffic,

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and then edge one would make a routing decision.

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The egress interface would be here

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on this logical services router on our tier zero gateway,

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and then it could forward it over to the physical network.

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So as a summary, this ESXI host,

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which has all the information about the distributed router

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for the tier zero and the two tier ones,

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it can make all the routing decisions

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up to the next hop of the services router,

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at which point it does a lookup
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at which point it does a lookup

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and says, okay, for that segment

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and that layer three address,

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the corresponding layer two address is reachable

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over at edge one,

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it causes it to forward it to edge one,

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who then receives it and continues forwarding.

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And that's the logic about how in the world

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does NSX know how to or when to forward

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to a specific services router for some network service?

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In this case, it's access to the physical network.

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And the answer is routing tables.

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It's the routing tables on these distributed routers,

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they're gonna have a next hop

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of the services router IP address,

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and that's what causes our host transport nodes
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and that's what causes our host transport nodes

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to then forward the traffic to the appropriate edge,

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who's supporting an SR function,

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who can then continue processing the packet and the frame,

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make a routing decision

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and forward it on to its next hop.

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So let me clean that up a little bit

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and let's talk about one other concept.

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If we do want to take this gateway here, the tier zero,

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which currently is just a DR, a distributed router,

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and we want to add the functionality of connectivity

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to the physical network here

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on behalf of our clients and VMs inside of NSX,
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on behalf of our clients and VMs inside of NSX,

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we need to create a new type of segment.

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So up to this point, we've been creating overlay segments,

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and what we're gonna do up here,

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we are going to create

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a new type of segment, VLAN backed segment.

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And all the VLAN backed segment says is,

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hey, this is a segment, a logical segment in NSX,

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but it's gonna refer to, for example,

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VLAN 10 or VLAN 20 or VLAN 30 on the physical network.

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And that way our services router,

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we can go ahead and logically connect it via that segment,

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that VLAN backed segment,

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to whatever the VLAN is right here on this network segment
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to whatever the VLAN is right here on this network segment

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that we want connectivity to.

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So in preparation for implementing our connectivity here

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and adding the services router component here at tier zero

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for access to the physical network,

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I propose in the next video we put a very specific plan

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together and then you and I together will follow that plan.

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So I'll see you in the next video for exactly that.
