1 00:00:06,660 --> 00:00:09,769 In this video we'll talk about how to list files with ls. 2 00:00:11,330 --> 00:00:15,789 To start with, it's a good idea to use pwd, which will print the name of the current directory. 3 00:00:16,710 --> 00:00:21,730 And LS is used to list files and directories. We've seen it a couple of times already. 4 00:00:22,769 --> 00:00:25,210 With ls there's a couple of options that you might like. 5 00:00:25,769 --> 00:00:29,890 Like the option A which will show hidden files also, 6 00:00:29,890 --> 00:00:34,009 or the option L which provides a long listing. 7 00:00:35,490 --> 00:00:41,289 Now, when you are using LS on a directory, it's a good idea to use LS ld because 8 00:00:41,289 --> 00:00:47,089 just LS L on a directory will show you the contents of the directory. But if you want 9 00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:52,890 to see the property and not the contents of the directory, you need to add this D option. 10 00:00:53,950 --> 00:00:58,905 Another one that I like a lot is LS lrt, which shows a time sorted 11 00:00:58,905 --> 00:01:03,859 list of vals. Let me show you so LS L. Let's start with that. 12 00:01:04,579 --> 00:01:10,504 What are all the properties that we see from left to right? The very first column, 13 00:01:10,504 --> 00:01:16,430 one character only, is the identifier of the type of the VAL that was found. 14 00:01:17,109 --> 00:01:20,750 And here for desktop we see it as a D, which means that it's a directory. 15 00:01:22,099 --> 00:01:25,140 Then we have the permissions. We will talk more about these permissions later. 16 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:28,459 RWNX for read, write and execute. 17 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:34,039 Next is the number of hard links. I'll explain later. As well we have 18 00:01:34,039 --> 00:01:38,079 the user owner and the group owner and we have the file creation date. 19 00:01:38,780 --> 00:01:40,700 So this is when the file was created. 20 00:01:41,379 --> 00:01:47,576 And that is what you get in your default LS L output if ever 21 00:01:47,576 --> 00:01:53,773 you are in a bigger directory. Let's do that on the Etc directory you 22 00:01:53,773 --> 00:01:59,969 use LS Etc and there we can see the contents of the Etc directory. 23 00:02:00,549 --> 00:02:05,790 But hey, what if you want to know which file was edited last? Well, you use LS lrt. 24 00:02:08,150 --> 00:02:12,830 LS LRT is always showing the last modified file last in the list. 25 00:02:13,750 --> 00:02:19,639 You want to know what LS minus LRT just means the R and the 26 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:25,529 T. Well, I would say use LS help and just look up the options. 27 00:02:26,349 --> 00:02:32,050 So when we look up the options there we can see minus T is for sort 28 00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:37,750 by time, newest first and the minus R is for reverse, reverse order while sorting. 29 00:02:38,770 --> 00:02:43,840 That is because I think it's convenient if the newest file is listed last and not first. 30 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:46,849 And that is what LS minus LRT is doing. 31 00:02:47,930 --> 00:02:52,439 Now one more thing that I need to show you and that is this. When 32 00:02:52,439 --> 00:02:56,949 I use LS L on Etc, I get the contents of the Etc directory. 33 00:02:58,050 --> 00:03:04,080 But what are we going to do if I don't want to see the contents, but I want to see 34 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:10,110 the properties. Well, I'm adding a D so LS LD on etc is showing the properties of this directory, and 35 00:03:10,109 --> 00:03:16,139 for now that should be enough to get you started and show information about vals in your current environment.